Browsezilla: when freeware comes at a price

Just a week after Stallman’s talk, I read at Kriptopolis (Spanish) about a (alleged) malware piece, hidden into some freeware by the name Browsezilla. This is a perfect example of something free of cost not being half as good as a free/libre thing. This Browsezilla might be zero-cost to the user (freeware), but a piece of shit all the same, which stresses the fact that it is the FREEDOM of the Free Software that makes it great, not the PRICE.

It seems that the computer security company Panda Software warned about the freeware internet browser Browsezilla “visiting” porn sites in the background, fact unknown to the unsuspecting user. Its aim would be to increase the number of hits for those pages (and thus have them obtain higher revenues from advertising).

The lame idiots at browsezilla.org seem to be defending themselves, in such a bad english that makes it hard to take them seriously.

Now, both sides can be flaming each other until the end of times. Maybe in this case the issue is clear. Panda is not expected to spread FUD for the sake of it, whereas Browsezilla’s credibility is thin at best. However, imagine a security company not being completely honest, a freeware producer being apparently serious, and a bug/malware being veeery subtle to spot… endless debate, never fully establishing the complete truth.

On the other hand, were this Browsezilla free software, inspection of the code would settle the matter within minutes.

Stuff malware, stuff freeware, and stuff all non-free software.

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Richard Stallman in Donostia

Este post está disponible en castellano aquí

Yeah, right, the president and founder of the Free Software Foundation, Richard Stallman, gave a speech at the Koldo Mitxelena culture center in Donostia, last monday 19th.

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Stallman, introduced by Iratxe Esnaola

My friend Julen and I (Txema didn’t come along), therefore, went to the Koldo Mitxelena to attend his talk. I must admit we liked what we heard.

The first thing one notices hearing Stallman talk is that he’s a showman. The guy whas seated at a table, but stood up to give the talk, adducing that he was a little sleepy, and so standing up would help him not fall asleep. Subsequently, and owing to the fact that the microphone was a tabletop one, he proceeded to disassemble it and use it as hand microphone, dismissing the inalambric microphone he was promptly offered. Mind you, he did catch our attention.

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Stallman, with the tabletop mic

The second thing one can realize is that he has a very clear vision of stuff, and that it is catchy, because he speaks in such a reasonable and gentle way. I should mention that he gave the whole talk in Spanish, and quite fluently, albeit with a heavy American accent.

He commenced his speech enumerating the four basic liberties the FSF proposes for a software piece to be free:

Freedom 0: The freedom to run the program, for any purpose.

Freedom 1: The freedom to study how the program works, and adapt it to your needs. Access to the source code is a precondition for this.

Freedom 2: The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor.

Freedom 3: The freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements to the public, so that the whole community benefits. Access to the source code is a precondition for this.

He then explained why these freedoms are vital, and I will next repeat some of his arguments.

Moral dilemma

He said, for example, that Freedom 2 is necessary to avoid some kind of dilemmas towards which software with non-free licenses lead us. Let’s assume we have a legal copy of a certain program, and therefore, he have accepted its license. Let’s also assume that a friend asks us for a copy of it. In these circumstances we face a dilemma, because we have to chose the lesser bad from two bads. If we decide to give a copy to our friend, we’ll be breaching our license, and it is never good to break an agreement we previously accepted. On the other hand, if we don’t give her a copy, we will be depriving a friend of us of a potential benefit, which is not good, either.

Someone told me, after commenting her this issue, that there is not such a dilemma, because: “What if your friend asks you for 1000 euros?”. OK, I would probably consider it negatively, sure. But refusing to lend 1000 euros or our car to a friend is not like doing so with a piece of software. With the former, we lose a material good to share it, but with the latter we lose nothing. The software is like knowledge in general: if we share it it doesn’t get divided, but multiplied. We negate our friend a copy of the software piece just because an abusive license forces us to do so. We do not get any benefit from it.

According to Stallman, the lesser bat is to share with our friend, because we just break an abusive license. Anyway, breaking an agreement, however abusive, is not good. The correct thing is not to sign the agreement in first place. Then only way to avoid the dilemma, he said, would be either not having friends, or not aqquiring proprietary software. He supported the latter.

Problems of the Proprietary Software

He continued the talk speaking about some problems that the proprietary software has, and how the aforementioned freedoms can help alleviate them.

Bad functionalities

The programmers may have implemented into the program some functions that the user doesn’t want, namely:

1) A proprietary program may have occult functions, that the user doesn’t know of, let alone control.

An example of this are the spyware, which, without her knowing, send the user’s personal data to its manufacturer. Such programs include Windows XP, Windows Media Player and TiVo systems. The latter sends the manufacturing company information fo what TV shows the user records, and when she watches them. In the same manner, Windows Media Player sends Microsoft info about what the user plays in it.

2) A program may, directly, not work under some circunstances. Such a functionality the user won’t desire, for sure, but in many cases, this functionality is not only present, but publicly declared. This is the clase of the DRM systems, or “Digital Restriction Management”, as Stallman calls it. Basically, a DRM-ed media (say, a DVD or a CD) tells its owner when and how access its content, and some OSs, like Windows and Mac OS, have the technicall characteristic that they do abide by this DRM rules. The iPod, for example, is “equiped” with the abusive DRM FairPlay. You can read further opinions on DRM by Stallman here. You can also read about a Sony DRM called XCP in my blog.

3) A proprietary program may have a backdoor, introduced by the programer to, potentially, gain access to any machine in which her program is installed. There’s people saying that, for example, the recent WMF vulnerability in Windows is actually a backdoor, intentionally put by Microsoft. I have also found news like this one (2002), speaking about backdoors installed in Windows for allowing NSA control.

It is apparent that governments all around the world (China being the most prominent case) are increasingly having second thoughts on Windows use in their computers, the reason being the danger of it having backdoors to give Microsoft or the government of the USA access to them. As long back as in 2000, the CNN published some reasons why China was changing its mind over proprietary OSs:

Those concerns have risen up recently in the form of stated policies favoring the use of the Linux operating system in government agencies, as well as a recent flurry of government commentaries warning of a U.S. “back door” to Windows operating systems. Officials have said China must develop its own OS to prevent an electronic military attack.

Stallman cited a 2001 case in India. It looks like a couple of Al-Qaeda members infiltrated de Indian division of Microsoft, and tried to introduce a backdoor into de Windows code. I have found some info at noticias.com[es], merit.edu, or Security Awareness Incorporated.

It was originally NewsBytes who aired the news, but the original news is no more accessible, and its address redirects one to the home page of the online Washington Post. Some Microsoft-friendly media tried to understate the case, without many arguments. They didn’t deny these people worked for MS, only that “they didn’t find any backdoor trace”. With their stupidity record, it doesn’t look like much of a guaranty to me…

This foul attempt was (we believe) stopped, but… what if there have been another successful ones? The quid of the matter is that we can not know. Only MS programmers can verify the presence of backdoors introduced by rogue employees. Do you really trust them to do it? Hadn’t you better have right to verify it yourself, or any other user?

The tree harmful functionalities Stallman mentions are a direct consequence of the fact that proprietary software does not have any of the four aforementioned freedoms. Free software will never be subject to these “functionalities”.

Errors

Any software piece, free or not, can have bugs. The difference is that the free software, by means of the Freedom 1, permits the users fix the bugs they find, and, by means of Freedom 3, share with others their corrections. In fact, Freedom 1 is not enough to handle the programing errors. Not all the users are programmers, and even if they were, there are too many programs to keep track of. That’s why Freedom 3 is fundamental. With this liberty, even the users who can’t program benefit. The Freedoms 1 and 2 are aimed at the users, and the 1 and 3 at programmers, but in the end everyone gets the benefit.

Various subjects

Among other things, Stallman commented that the development of the free software is democratic, because it develops following the user criteria, even if anyone can pay someone to program what she needs (but no one develops, because it’s not popular). He compared this to the autocratic development of the proprietary software, where the user ends up accepting whatever the programmer wants, instead of the other way around.

He also wondered about the hability to choose and the liberty. He said that being able to choose between different proprietary softwares (e.g. Windows and Macintosh) equals being able to choose our master, because once the election is made, we will fall in a dependency routine. The actual freedom is not having any master. Being able to choose is not necessarily freedom.

He talked on about freedom, and said that we have to fight for freedom when it is possible to win (no one asks to fight if it is useless), not when it is sure that we’ll win. If we all wait until the victory is assured, no one will take the first step, until it’s too late. We have to fight, and we have to expect the fight to be hard, even facing the eventuality of losing.

Near the end of the talk, he made a summary of the history fo the GNU software, and free software.

He also spoke about Trusted Computing, a system backed by some lobbies to make sure the computer does what the maker, and not the user, wants. In short, what it makes is pass some of the power the user has over her computer into the hands of the maker, so that the computer obeys the latter, not the former. That’s why Stallman proposes the term Treacherous Computing, because it makes the computer betray its user. According to him, using the term “trusted” or “treacherous” is a matter of what side of the fence we are. Stallman said this is a “conspiracy against the users, but not even secret nor ilegal!”.

Free Software and Education

He ended the talk saying that public education should use free software exclusively, for 3 reasons:

1) Economic savings. This is the most frivolous reason, but no less valid. There are no license fees, so you save money. This would be most advantageous in a public resource (education) that is deficitary in most countries. However, this advantage can be eliminated by the proprietary software companies giving away the licenses to schools and universities. In fact, that they do.

This, obviously, is not done out of generosity. The companies that give away their licenses do it to lock-in future users. They take advantage of the education system to train kids in the use of their products, and do it for free. When the student leaves the academic resources, he will have no more free licenses, and the company she works for won’t, either. But she will do have the need to use that software, because it is what she knows how to use. I consider that public education should not fall for it, and play their game so sheepishly.

2) When a student is puzzled by something, she asks the teacher. If the teacher can not answer, the student can try to find the answer by herself. Both options are impossible with the proprietary software. If a student wants to know the innards of her Windows computer, not only the teacher will not be able to dispel her doubts, but she will be forced to tell her that it is forbidden to even look for the answers. This is not what an educative system should encourage.

3) Moral education. The school must give a moral education, making the students see what is right and what is wrong. Sharing with others is right.Producing something for the common good is right. Looking for errors in one’s and others’ work, and working to fix them is right. Asking and answering freely is right.

Final details

Being the showman he is, and after a round of questions, Stallman delighted us with his Saint IGNUtius impersonation, given that many say he’s a Saint, and he doesn’t want to negate it.

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Stallman, preaching

However, he made it clear that in the free software religion there is no god nor master, that anyone can be a saint, and that priesthood doesn’t imply celibacy.

It must be said that the sanctity aura he displays is NOT an old hard disk. In the past, it might have been, yes, but it transformed into his aura, for a major good :^)

At the end of the talk he signed some autographs, and took some pictures with his fans. He also gave away pro-GNU stickers, and sold (yes, sold!) some GNU keychains and pins, to raise funds for the FSF.

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Stallman, signing for me a GPLv2 preamble I took there

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Richard Stallman en Donostia

This post is available in English here.

Pues sí, el presidente y fundador de la Free Software Foundation (Fundación para el Software Libre), Richard Stallman dió una charla en la sala de actos del centro cultural Koldo Mitxelena, de Donostia, este lunes 19.

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Stallman, presentado por Iratxe Esnaola

Mi amigo Julen y yo (nos falló Txema…) acudimos, por tanto, al Koldo Mitxelena a ver a tan insigne personaje. Vaya por delante que su charla no nos defraudó.

Lo primero de lo que uno se da cuenta en una charla de Stallman es que es un showman. El tío estaba sentado detrás de una mesa, pero se levantó para dar la charla, aduciendo que tenía algo de sueño, y que dar la charla de pié lo mantendría más despierto. Acto seguido, y dado que el micrófono que tenía era de sobremesa, procedió a extraerlo de su soporte y usarlo como micrófono de mano, excusando usar el inalámbrico que se apresuraron a traerle. Desde luego, empezó llamando la atención.

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Stallman, con el micro de sobremesa

Lo segundo que uno ve es que tiene una visión muy clara de las cosas, y que es contagiosa, porque habla pausada y razonadamente. Cabe mencionar que el tío dió la charla en castellano, con un acento estadounidense brutal, pero muy correctamente.

Comenzó la charla enumerando las cuatro libertades que promulga la FSF para el software, a saber:

Libertad 0: La libertad de usar el programa, con cualquier propósito.

Libertad 1: La libertad de estudiar cómo funciona el programa, y adaptarlo a tus necesidades. El acceso al código fuente es una condición previa para esto.

Libertad 2: La libertad de distribuir copias, con lo que puedes ayudar a tu vecino.

Libertad 3: La libertad de mejorar el programa y hacer públicas las mejoras a los demás, de modo que toda la comunidad se beneficie. El acceso al código fuente es un requisito previo para esto.

Prosiguió explicando por qué son fundamentales estas libertades, y yo voy a intentar repetir aquí algunos de sus argumentos.

Dilema moral

Dijo, por ejemplo, que la Libertad 2 es necesaria para evitar ciertos dilemas a los que nos llevan licencias de software que no la incorporan. Supongamos que tenemos una copia legal de cierto programa, y que por tanto hemos aceptado su licencia. Supongamos ahora que un amigo nos pide una copia del mismo. En estas circunstancias tenemos un dilema, porque tenemos que elegir la menos mala entre dos opciones malas. Si decidimos proporcionar a nuestro amigo una copia, estaremos rompiendo la licencia, y nunca es bueno romper un acuerdo que uno ha suscrito previamente. Si, por el contrario, le negamos la copia, estaremos negando un presunto beneficio a nuestro amigo, lo cual no es tampoco bueno.

Alguien me ha dicho, al comentarle esto, que no es tal dilema, porque: “¿qué hacemos si un amigo nos pide mil euros?”. Yo al menos, probablemente no se los dejo, claro. Pero negarle a un amigo 1000 euros, o que use nuestro coche, no es lo mismo que negarle una copia de un programa. En el primer caso, perdemos un bien para compartirlo o dárselo, pero en el segundo no perdemos nada. El software es como el conocimiento en general: si lo compartes no se divide, se multiplica. Si negamos a un amigo una copia de una pieza de software, solo lo hacemos en base al cumplimiento de una licencia abusiva, nada más. Perjudicamos a nuestro amigo, pero no nos beneficiamos nosotros (como sí nos beneficiamos de no darle los 1000 euros).

Según Stallman el mal menor es compartir con el amigo, porque así solo rompemos una licencia, que era abusiva en primer lugar. De todos modos, decía que romper un acuerdo, por abusivo que sea, no es bueno. Lo correcto es no firmar ese acuerdo en primer lugar. La única manera de zafarse de ese dilema es, dijo, o bien no teniendo amigos, o bien negándonos a adquirir software con licencia. Él abogaba por lo segundo.

Problemas del Software Privativo

Siguió su charla hablando de problemas que tiene el software privativo, y cómo la aplicación de las libertades antemencionadas puede ayudar a paliarlos.

Funcionalidades malas

Las programadoras pueden haber implementado funciones en un programa que la usuaria no desea, a saber:

1) Un programa privativo puede tener funcionalidades ocultas, implementadas en él por la programadora, que la usuaria no tiene posibilidad de conocer, y mucho menos de controlar.

Un ejemplo de esto son los programas espía, que, sin saberlo ella, envían datos confidenciales de la usuaria. Estos programas incluyen Windows XP, Windows Media Player y TiVo. Este último envía la empresa fabricante información sobre qué programas de TV graba la usuaria, y cuándo los ve. Igualmente el Windows Media Player envía a Microsoft información sobre qué ve la usuaria.

2) Un programa puede, directamente, no funcionar bajo ciertas circunstancias. Esta funcionalidad seguro que la usuaria no la desea, pero en muchos casos está, no solo presente, sino públicamente declarada. Es el caso del DRM, o sistema de gestión de derechos digitales… que Stallman prefiere llamar gestión de restricciones digitales. Básicamente un medio con DRM (digamos, un DVD o un CD) le dice a la dueña cuándo y cómo puede acceder a su contenido, y sistemas operativos propietarios, como Windows y Mac, tienen como característica técnica el estar diseñados para plegarse a esas condiciones. El iPod, por ejemplo, está “equipado” con el sistema de DRM FairPlay. Puedes leer más sobre lo que piensa Stallman del DRM aquí. También puedes leer un artículo en este mismo blog, sobre un DRM de Sony llamado XCP.

3) Un programa privativo puede tener una puerta trasera, introducida por el programador para, potencialmente, ganar acceso a cualquier máquina en la que se instale ese programa. Hay gente que dice, por ejemplo, que la reciente vulnerabilidad de ficheros WMF de Windows es en realidad un caso de backdoor puesto intencionalmente por Microsoft. También he encontrado, navegando por internet, noticias como esta del 2002, hablando de puertas traseras instaladas en Windows para uso de la NSA estadounidense.

Es patente que gobiernos en todo el mundo, siendo China el caso más prominente, están replanteándose el uso de Windows, por “peligro de que contenga puertas traseras que den acceso a Microsoft o al gobierno estadounidense a sus ordenadores”. Tan atrás como el 2000, la CNN se hacía eco de por qué tiene China reservas respecto a sistemas operativos propietarios:

Those concerns have risen up recently in the form of stated policies favoring the use of the Linux operating system in government agencies, as well as a recent flurry of government commentaries warning of a U.S. “back door” to Windows operating systems. Officials have said China must develop its own OS to prevent an electronic military attack.

Stallman citó un caso ocurrido en el 2001 en la India. Parece ser que uno o varios miembros de Al-Qaeda se infiltraron en la división india de Microsoft, e intentaron introducir una puerta trasera en el código de Windows. He encontrado informació sobre el tema en noticias.com, merit.edu o Security Awareness Incorporated. Originalmente fue NewsBytes quien dió la noticia, aunque la noticia original ya no está disponible, y su dirección redirige a la visitante a la página inicial del Washington Post online. Algunos medios afines a Microsoft trataron de restarle importancia, sin muchos argumentos. No negaron que esas personas trabajaran para Microsoft, solo “que no encontraron indicios de backdoors”. Tampoco es que esto sea una gran garantía, con el historial de pifias de Microsoft.

Este intento malicioso fue, creemos, detenido, pero… ¿y si ha habido otros, que tuvieron éxito? El quid de la cuestión es que no podemos saberlo. Solo los programadores de Microsoft pueden verificar la existencia de puertas traseras introducidas por trabajadores maliciosos. ¿Realmente confías en ellos para que lo hagan? ¿No preferirías tener derecho a verificarlo tú, o cualquier otro usuario?

Las tres funcionalidades perjudiciales para el usuario que mencionó Stallman son consequencia directa de que el software privativo no goza de las cuatro libertades mencionadas al principio. El software libre nunca podrá verse afectado por esas “funcionalidades”.

Errores

Toda pieza de software, libre o no, puede contener errores. La diferencia es que el software libre, mediante la Libertad 1, permite a las usuarias corregir los errores que encuentren, y mediante la Libertad 3 permite compartir con otras nuestras correcciones. De hecho, la Libertad 1 no es suficiente para hacer frente a los errores de programación. No todas las usuarias son programadoras, y aunque lo fueran, hay demasiados programas como para hacerse cargo de ellos. Por eso la Libertad 3 es fundamental. Con esta libertad hasta las que no saben programar se benefician. Las Libertades 0 y 2 están dirigidas a todas las usuarias, y la 1 y 3 a las programadoras, pero en el fondo benefician a todas.

Varios temas

Entre otras cosas, Stallman comentó que el desarrollo de software libre es democrático, porque se desarrolla lo que la base de usuarias quiere, aunque quien quiera sigue pudiendo pagar a alguien para que le haga un programa que necesita, pero nadie desarrolla, porque no es popular. Contrapuso esto al desarrollo autocrático del software propietario, porque la usuaria acaba aceptando lo que la programadora desea, en vez de al revés.

También reflexionó sobre la posibilidad de elegir y la libertad. Dijo que elegir entre diferentes softwares propietarios (p.e. Windows y Macintosh), equivale a elegir a nuestra dueña, porque una vez hecha la elección caeremos a una rutina de dependencia. La verdadera libertad es no tener dueña, no poder elegirla. La posibilidad de elección no es sinónimo de libertad.

Siguió hablando de libertad, y dijo que hay que luchar por la libertad cuando sea posible ganar (nadie pide que se luche cuando sea imposible), no cuando sea seguro ganar. Si todas esperamos a que sea seguro ganar para subirnos al carro, nadie hará nada hasta que sea demasiado tarde. Por ello, es de esperar que la lucha por la libertad cueste esfuerzo, y que incluso podamos perder frente a los lobbies.

Hacia el final de la charla hizo un repaso a la historia de GNU y el software libre. Quien quiera informase, el link de la Wikipedia es un buen comienzo.

También habló sobre el Trusted Computing, un sistema impulsado por ciertos sectores para asegurar que el ordenador hace lo que la fabricante quiere, no lo que quiere la usuaria. Efectivamente lo que hace es ceder poder de la usuaria a la fabricante, para que el ordenador obedezca a esta, no a aquella. Por ello, Stallman aboga por llamarlo Treacherous Computing, o “computación traicionera”, porque hace que el ordenador traicione a su dueño. Según dijo, solo puede calificarlo de “confiable” la productora que lo impone a las usuarias, con lo cual el uso del calificativo “confiable” o “traicionera” define el bando en el que nos posicionamos. Stallman calificó esta iniciativa de “conspiración contra los usuarios, pero encima, ¡ni es secreta ni es ilegal!”

Software Libre y educación

Para finalizar la charla, comentó que en la educación pública debería hacerse uso exclusivo de software libre, y ello por 3 motivos:

1) Ahorro económico. Es la razón más frívola, pero no menos válida. No hay licencias que pagar, por lo tanto es más económico, algo importante en un sistema educativo que es deficitario en todos los paises. Esta ventaja la pueden eliminar las compañías de software privativo, regalando licencias a centros educativos. De hecho, lo hacen.

Esto, obviamente, no lo hacen por motivos altruistas. Las compañías que regalan licencias lo hacen para fidelizar futuros usuarios. Se aprovechan del sistema educativo para que entrene en el uso de sus productos a los futuros usuarios, y que lo haga gratis. Cuando ese alumno salga del instituto, ya no tendrá licencias gratuitas, ni las tendrá la empresa en la que trabaje. Pero lo que sí tendrá es la necesidad de usar ese software, porque es lo que sabe usar. Considero que la educación pública no puede seguirles el juego de manera tan ruín a las empresas de software privativo.

2) Cuando un alumno se intriga por algo, pregunta al profesor. Si el profesor no puede responder, el alumno puede intentar encontrar la respuesta por su cuenta. Ambas opciones son imposibles con el software privativo. Si un alumno quiere saber cómo funciona “por dentro” su ordenador Windows, no solo el profesor no puede disipar sus dudas, sino que se ve obligado a decirle que está prohibido incluso intentar descubrirlo. Esto no es lo que el sistema educativo debe potenciar.

3) Educación moral. La escuela debe dar una educación moral, haciendo ver a la alumna lo que está bien y lo que está mal. Compartir con los demás está bien. Producir algo para bien de todas las compañeras está bien. Buscar errores en el trabajo propio y el de otras, y trabajar para corregirlos está bien. Preguntar y responder con libertad está bien.

Detalles finales

Haciendo gala de su condición de showman, y después de una ronda de preguntas, Stallman nos deleitó con una personificación de San IGNUtius, dado que muchos dicen que es santo, y el no lo quiere desmentir.

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Stallman, evangelizando

Pero también quiso puntualizar que en la religión del software libre no hay dioses ni amos, y que todos podemos ser santos, y que el sacerdocio en esa religión no implica celibato alguno, así que por ese lado es un chollo.

Vaya como aclaración que el aura de santidad que porta NO es un disco duro viejo. En el pasado fue un disco duro, cierto, pero se transmutó en su aureola, para un bien superior :^)

Al finalizar la charla se puso a firmar autógrafos y sacarse fotos con fans, además de repartir pegatinas pro-GNU, y vender (¡sí, vender!) llaveros y pins de GNU, para recoger fondos para la FSF.

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Stallman, firmándome una copia del preámbulo de la GPLv2 que llevé para la ocasión

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Mathematica fonts error

I reproduce here a new entry in the (pompously self named) GNU/Linux Troubleshooting subsection of the Linux Stuff section of my Home Page. The original entry can be directly accessed here.

Problem

I don’t have Mathematica installed on my PC, but I execute it remotely at a computer that does have it. However, I have found the following error when executing mathematica remotely:

xset:  bad font path element (#77), possible causes are:
    Directory does not exist or has wrong permissions
    Directory missing fonts.dir
    Incorrect font server address or syntax
xset:  bad font path element (#77), possible causes are:
    Directory does not exist or has wrong permissions
    Directory missing fonts.dir
    Incorrect font server address or syntax

It means that I don’t have some fonts installed in my computer, so I googled for the string ‘”Directory missing fonts.dir” mathematica’, and found this Wolfram Inc. support page. Read it, but don’t follow its instructions literally. Instead, do the following:

Solution

Download the corresponding tar.gz here (for GNU/Linux), which is the place referred to in the support link above, and untar it anywere. It contains a directory called Fonts/, which in turn contains AFM/, BDF/ and Type1/. You have to su to root and create the directory /usr/lib/X11/fonts/Mathematica/, and place the directories AFM/, BDF/ and Type1/ there. Actually, only BDF/ seemed necessary for me.

Next, the support page I mention above says you have to execute:

% xset fp+ /usr/lib/X11/fonts/Mathematica/Type1

and

% xset fp+ /usr/lib/X11/fonts/Mathematica/BDF

However, the first one (Type1), will faill again with the same message that caused all this trouble in the first place:

xset:  bad font path element (#77), possible causes are:
    Directory does not exist or has wrong permissions
    Directory missing fonts.dir
    Incorrect font server address or syntax

You will be at a loss, but don’t despair: actually only the latter (BDF) is needed, and it won’t give you any error. After that, the remote execution of Mathematica should work fine.

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Xfce vs. Enlightenment?

I have to say I am very fond of trying different Destop Environments and Window Managers, always looking for the “perfect” one.

So far I have given long trial periods to both KDE and GNOME, with KDE as a clear winner for me. Mind you, my impressions are back from some months (years?) ago, because at some point in time I decided I didn’t want so much bloat all around, and decided to dump KDE for a lighter DE.

After trying Fluxbox, Blackbox, WindowMaker, IceWM, Enlightenment and Xfce, I settled for the latter. It is not my intention to make any fair review of all the lot, mostly because I don’t even remember why I dumped them.

What I can say is why I am so happy with Xfce: it’s light, but looks good, has most of the configuration options I want, configurable shortcuts, good window manager, pretty menus if you want them, and it’s very modular so you can start whatever service or panel or conky widget, or adesklet, or just not do it. And a killer feature, for me: the iconbox. Sounds like a stupid little thing, but it is very handy, and looks quite good.

Now, this same feature is present in Enlightenment, so no wonder why I have given it some tries occasionally, even though I always come back to Xfce. The last such try was today, and I was just this close to switch to it, but I didn’t because of a couple of details. In the end, it’s small details that make the whole difference. First, not being able to properly resize de iconbox is a drawback. You can resize it, but if you use system icons for the minimized windows, they just don’t change size. Second, only the minimized windows appear in Enlightenment’s iconbox. Maybe one can change it, but for the life of me, I have not been able to find out how. With Xfce, it’s a breeze to make all icons, or just the minimized ones, appear in the iconbox. However, I have to admit that Enlightenment’s iconbox looks cooler :^) Third, alt-tabbing (after setting the shortcut, because it wasn’t default) only switches non-minimized windows. How lame is that! I want my good old all-window switching from Xfce!

There are also other details, like the stupid bar on the top side of the screen… the use of which I am still looking for (and how to get rid of it), and the fact that when selecting a theme, it affects both the “desktop” (menus, panels, fonts) and the “window manager” (window decorations, borders). With Xfce you can differentiate both! Sounds like another shallow rant, but actually some themes have better fonts for menus, but rather ugly window decorations, and vice versa, which makes it more difficult to find a good theme, because it has to have everything OK at the same time.

Fair is fair, and I have to admit that Enlightenment has also some nifty things, like the cool effects when minimizing, maximizing and creating windows, the fact that you can make the iconbox 100% transparent, being able to remove/change the window decorations… but they just don’t cut it.

I might come up with more tries and comments in the future. For now, I’ll just keep my beloved Xfce, at least until the incredibly long due Enligtenment 17 comes out, which could level the field.

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OpenOffice.org vulnerable?

A couple of weeks ago I sent a new to Menéame (collaborative news site in Spanish), and today I said to myself: WTF? I am running out of good ideas for blog entries (if I ever had any), so I could as well copy-paste that new here :^)

Basically, it follows the line of my first post in this blog (and a later one), dismantling stupid accusations of “vulnerabilities” of FLOSS programs (then, Firefox, now, OpenOffice.org).

Kaspersky Labs announced some time ago that OpenOffice.org was vulnerable to a malicious script attack, something they tagged as “virus”, but which is definitenly not. The answer from OOo can be read at LinuxWeeklyNews.net.

This is not to say FLOSS is devoid of bugs and vulneravilities. I only want to point out lame FUD campaigns, no doubt sponsored by commercial software companies (you know who). The only aim of these misinformation campaigns is to make the average user think that FLOSS is not so good, after all, and that, if Linux doesn’t even have this invulnerability they speak of, then, what good is it?

Now, how lame is that? Instead of putting themselves together and fixing their pathetic crap of OS, they spend their money throwing shit to the FLOSS, in the hope that both will be regarded as rubbish, instead of none.

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Window Vista: reinventing the wheel

[Last reviewed 12-Feb-2007]

I have read at menéame (Spanish) about a Windows Vista review, and I have decided to comment about it here. The original review (in English) here.

The first thing one notices is the blatant copy of many MacOS (as usual) and FLOSS project (Linux and Firefox) features.

1) The Aero User Interface allows for window transparency. Wow, I’d be hard pressed to name a Linux desktop environment that couldn’t do it long ago.

2) You can Alt-Tab (Win-Tab, really) between open windows, having them appear in 3D. This is nice, but similar effects are obtained with 3D-desktop for Linux (only for desktop switching, not window switching), and now with XGL, which I expect to be fully functional much sooner than the Vista release date (mark my words).

3) The desktop supports applets, that, in the long standing Microsoft custom of reinventing the wheel, and then renaming it to pretend it’s something new, they call “Gadgets”. Such gadgets would be things like calendars, weather forecast indicators, clocks… Such things have been long present in Linux with SuperKaramba, gDesklets, and adesklets.

4) IE7 can now read RSS, and supports tabbed browsing. Again, Firefox supported it long ago.

5) IE7 now supports international URLs, such as www.müller.de. Firefox, of course, already supports them. Moreover, the URL display is not correct in IE7, whereas it is in Firefox (see images below):

ie7

Figure 1: Internet Explorer 7

ff15

Figure 2: Firefox 1.5.0.3

6) IE7 is said to come with anti-phising settings. Firefox already had extension for that, namely Google safebrowsing, Personal Anti-Phising Sidebar, FirePhish Anti-Phishing Extension or TrustWatch Search Extension by GeoTrust.

7) IE7 has a “MSN search” box next to the URL box (IE6 has it too?), but now it permits to add other search engines. Firefox has had it for ages:

ie7

Figure 3: Internet Explorer 7

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Figure 4: Firefox 1.5.0.3

8 ) IPv6 support, I think was present at XP (through obscure commands), now is properly handled. How long has this been correctly handled under Linux?

9) UAC (User Account Control). A garbage far inferior to the user management in UNIX-like systems (I added the boldface bits):

A new User Account Control (UAC) function enables those whose accounts possess administrator-level privileges (or who log on using the Administrator account) to perform actions unavailable to other types of user accounts [it always was like that for UNIX]. Those who lack such rights will be informed that they lack the privileges necessary to run the program [it always was like that for UNIX], and that they should execute it under a different account instead. This doesn’t mean logging out and then logging back in is strictly necessary [it never was in UNIX. su to different user, then exit.], though, because those who have access to privileged account information can always use the “runas” [another MS reinventing and renaming, now for sudo] command to access more privileged credentials.

The guiding idea behind this technique is called the “principle of least privilege” [used in UNIX since the down of times]. Under this doctrine, users who normally work on a Windows machine should log in using ordinary user accounts, so that if they contract a virus or other malware, that unwanted software is a lot less able to do serious damage than if they routinely log in using administrative privileges. But Microsoft hasn’t taken this principle entirely to heart, either. The first user defined during installation is automatically granted administrative privileges. Worse yet, the reserved account named Administrator is not required to have a password to log into the machine!

Moreover, unless under Windows, in UNIX-like systems different users have different privileges regarding reading, writing and executing not only root’s (again, MS renames to “Administrator”) files, but also each other’s files. Maybe I can read some or your files, but not write to them, maybe you can let me write to some of your files, maybe I let you see what’s inside one of my dirs, and open (but not modify) some files in it, and not even open some others.

10) Windows Updates has been improved, but still I can’t see anything that Debian APT, SUSE YaST or RedHat RPM can not do. I can’t see, either, some things that APT, YaST and RPM can do. I don’t know if Window Updates has those capabilities, the review just doesn’t mention them.

11) At startup, it checks whether hard disk defragmentation is necessary. What kind of shitty filesystem needs defragmentation nowadays! Journaled filesystems such as ReiserFS and others certainly don’t!.

12) I quote: “Some things never go away: even for Windows Vista, installing some new system components still requires a reboot.” This is really garbage. In Linux only a kernel reinstall forces a reboot (you can choose not to reboot, just the new kernel won’t be active until you reboot).

13) The review spends 7 of its 40 pages commenting games included with Windows Vista (such as Minesweeper or Solitaire, but also a 3D chess game and some others). While critics for that excess should go to the reviewer, not MS, it is still true that with a long overdue OS, any delay that the polishing of the games could have caused would be criminal.

14) I read in the #218 issue of Computer Hoy (Spanish computer magazine), that the Windows Search utility in Windows Vista has been highly optimized. Basically, so far Search looked up the actual filesystem when looking for some file, whereas now it makes use of periodically renewed indexed lists, that say what is where, so the lookup is much faster. While this is a vast improvement, the Unix/Linux users must be far from impressed. The wheel that Microsoft smartasses reinvented here is the GNU locate, an oooold friend of GNU/Linux users. What the Windows Search did, was similar to the alternative program find.

All in all, I would say that they have spent a few years since Windows XP just polishing the look of Vista, and trying to copy what the FLOSS movement has been innovating. To me, an OS should be completely independent of the look of the desktop, or the games it includes, or how utility applications work. But, well, maybe it’s just me.

Read also: 20 things you won’t like about Window Vista.

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Windows sucks… batteries

I read (via Kriptópolis) that Microsoft has partially corrected a bug that caused the batteries of some laptops to run out too fast. However, if we are to believe the source of the new (The Register), MS only fixed one of the three causes of power drain.

Only MS could make an OS that affected hardware adversely… Sad.

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Windows eye candy sucks

There was a time when Windows users would say there weren’t games that run under Linux.

There was a time when Windows users would say that Linux was technically inferior.

Later they would end up accepting that it was indeed technically superior, but that it would not catch on people because it was difficult to install and use.

Now, with distros like SUSE or Ubuntu, which are easier to install than Windows, they resort to saying that Windows does and will reign in the desktop, because they have had years of development, whereas Linux “consists on sucky black terminals with fosforescent text”.

OK, check about XGL on Linux. Both Linux and Windows (Vista) are able to move and resize windows with transparencies, shades, and elasticity effects… now, you can read here (Spanish), how a guy opened 17 simultaneous High Definition videos with transparencies and real time shades on his Linux Box, while Windows would barely cope with one or two. Check the videos in that page, and think again about Linux and his “sucky black terminals”.

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Linux vs. MacOSX vs. WinXP for estatistical computing

Reading FayerWayer, I found a reference to a comparison between these three OSs made by someone called Jasjeet Sekhon. As with any benchmark, it is only valid for the context it applies to, so take it cautiously, and read the original story for more details.

The benchmarks used by Jasjeet Sekhon are two calculations with some software called R Project for Statistical Computing. The results are good for Linux (of course), and bad for… OSX!! Yes, madams et monsieurs, even Windows beats MacOSX.

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